Advanced Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Progressed Financial Reporting - Essay Example Another method of accomplishing development is through Merger and Acquisition (abridged as M&A). The previous is additionally known is natural development where the firm uses its own assets (held profit, stores and overflow, or value capital) for financing development. The later is otherwise called inorganic development where the acquirer firm purchases the benefits and liabilities of the target(s) as on a given date (Sherman, 2010, p.1). Accordingly, M&A are outer development system that picks up notoriety chiefly because of globalization. It has become a significant a significant path for firms to grow their item portfolios and increasing new markets. M&A likewise encourages the firm’s to secure information, most recent innovation and improved administration abilities. What's more, M&A has been seen as incredibly effective for explicit parts like pharmaceuticals where broad Research and Developments are required. Research and development doesn't just require enormous capital venture yet in addition requires information in applicable regions with the goal that the objective item stays skilled on worldwide scale (Kumar and Yadav, 2005, pp.51-63). The fundamental intention in any M&A is to encounter a cooperative energy in existing activities just as benefit of the organizations. Be that as it may, it is additionally essential to take note of that not the sum total of what M&A have been effective before and therefore some neglected to augment esteems prompting gigantic capital misfortunes (Frensch, 2007, pp.48-49). In July 2013, TD Travel of Cheshire gained Hotel scene, the lodging booking organization of Bristol and therefore made another substance by rebranding called Corporate Travel International. The consolidated element is relied upon to support incomes for both the organizations to more than ?100 million and furthermore utilize in excess of 160 staff across various units. Concerning the above late securing, the goal of this examination is to talk about with reasons regarding why such business mix has occurred and furthermore clarify the likely results or issues that the organizations may look in future. Merger and Acquisition Strategy As on July 12, 2013, TD Travel finished the obtaining of Hotel Scene. The acquirer for this situation is TD Travel where as the gained is Hotel scene. The arrangement was account and upheld by private value venture firm LDC. The procurement is required to make one of the biggest and autonomous corporate travel and booking specialist substance of UK. The organizations have chosen to re-brand the joined business into Corporate Travel International. It is additionally expected that such M&A will make a cooperative energy that can support the incomes of the new joined business element of more than ?100 million. The organizations are additionally hoping to utilize more than 160 staffs in various branches situated across London, Liverpool, Wilmslow, Bristol, and Hull. From the public statement of the organization it was discovered that the executive of LDC is idealistic about the M&A and has suggested the arrangement. He additionally accepts that the supervisory crew of TD Travel is experienced and spurred and along these lines holds tremendous potential to take the new substance to the following degree of invigorating development direction. With respect to financing of the arrangement, a bundle of working capital and senior obligation offices was given by Lloyds Banking Group’s Finance and Acquisition group. The arrangement was basically driven by Relationship Director of TD Travel, Richard Townsend. The duties of lead supervisor and warning of the arrangement was given to BDO LLP which is additionally one of the most rumored Accountancy and Business

9/11 Research Paper Essay

The official record of 9-11 doesn't give a sound clarification of where any very hot material in the WTC breakdown heaps could have originated from, nor does it give a sound clarification for the strangely relentless warmth at Ground Zero. Various misdirecting and misleading proclamations are spread to cover this quandary of the official record. In Part I a few sources are accumulated identifying with the especially high temperatures, as well as to the tireless warmth at Ground Zero. The vast majority of these sources assembled know quite a bit about science or in building. A few sources are proclamations by individuals who took an interest in the administration of Ground Zero. The foundation of a portion of the sources is given in detail. In the subsection â€Å"Thermal images† a few highlights of distributed warm pictures are tended to. Some of them are in strife with the suspicion that the high temperatures/steady warmth marvel was expected exclusively to consuming flames See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay In Part II disinformation systems, procedures and contentions are tended to that effectively avoid an exhaustive open discussion about the wonders of â€Å"molten steel†, astoundingly high temperatures and diligent warmth at Ground Zero. The articles and portions examined are from NIST, from supposed â€Å"debunking† sites, and from standard broad communications. It will be demonstrated that the announcements and proposals by NIST and â€Å"debunkers† in regard of these marvels are misdirecting or wrong. In a portion of the cases an inappropriate or deluding proclamations or proposals are legitimately expressed. In these cases it will be demonstrated why an announcement or proposal isn't right or deceiving, and signs will be talked about that the creators more likely than not known about the way that their announcements or recommendations aren't right or misdirecting. These announcements or recommendations have the nature of disinformation1. Concerning different cases it will be indicated that deceptive recommendations are spread by the utilization of language that is deliberately manipulative. Notwithstanding the articles and portions that are straightforwardly identified with the high temperature/persevering warmth wonders at Ground Zero some broad communications articles are talked about that manage these marvels certainly by managing the more extensive subject.

Raising Capital for an Under-Performing Business

Raising Capital for an Under-Performing Business When starting a new business, you must have done your homework: how to take care of the logistics, the smaller details such as compliance documentation, and even the ways on how you can raise capital that you need to augment the available money. You must have looked into every possible avenue to raise the exact amount of capital you need to get your business off the ground and start earning money.That may have been easy. But what if, in the course of your business, you realize that you are having a harder time than usual to get back the amount of capital you initially invested? What if your business was declared to be underperforming? The most logical answer and solution that you may hear would be to inject more capital into it so that you can effect changes and innovations to try and turn things around.It’s a sound suggestion, and even your business advisors will most likely agree. However, there is that small problem of how to go about raising capital, especially considering the fact that the business is not doing as well as expected. © Shutterstock | DRogatnevThis guide will 1) show you the reality underperforming businesses have to face, 2) what to do before raising capital, and 3) how under-performing business can raise capital.THE REALITY OF UNDERPERFORMING BUSINESSESA business is considered to be underperforming if its potential just does not align with reality. In simpler terms, an underperforming business is one that is on its way to failing. If left unchecked, it might end up wrapping up its operations and declaring bankruptcy.When asked, underperforming businesses may come up with a lot of reasons on why they are failing. According to author Ian Altman, the top 3 excuses of companies for their lower-than-expected performance are:Their business is different, hence, general business concepts don’t apply to them. This perception comes with the risk of being unyielding or closed to new ideas and concepts. They stick to what they think is best, without entertaining other possibilities that could improve bus iness performance.They are used to a certain way of doing business, and they do not think they can try another tack. This is another excuse for being close-minded in business. Business concepts are constantly evolving, and refusal to evolve along with it means you will be left behind, including the performance of your business.They do not have enough resources, such as time, manpower and money. This is the most common excuse given by businesses that are not performing as expected. They blame it on lack of this or that. Money is a usual issue, and they often say, “if only we had more cash or capital, then we would be able to improve operations and increase the performance of the company”.We will not go in detail when it comes to the reasons for the poor performance of companies, but we will address that last excuse: lack of capital. If only they had more capital, they’ll definitely be able to turn the failing company around.Now here’s the catch: not a lot of investors or fina ncial institutions are willing to invest in a company that appears to be failing. Lenders on the other hand will also be very hesitant to work with such companies. They are most likely to think that it is a poor investment, one that won’t give them a return on investment.Large and established companies may have an easier time, but the small to medium-sized businesses are often struggling when it comes to raising capital. It is common to find that when they were just starting out and looking to raise capital, they may have already had a hard time attracting investors and capital providers to fund them. It is bound to be even tougher to convince existing or new investors to pump more money in a small company that is showing signs of struggle in performance. It’s certainly not going to be easy.BEFORE ACTIVELY RAISING CAPITALIt may have pained you, but it is time to face facts. The numbers don’t lie, and you have to accept the reality that your business is underperforming, and if nothing is done, it may be on its way to failure. Do you immediately decide that you need more capital, and proceed straight to employing capital-raising techniques? You have to stop for a while and check a few things first to ensure that you don’t find yourself in the same situation you are in.Before spending any more money on the business, assessment of the current state of affairs in the business is crucial.Determine the cause of cash and capital shortageMore often than not, a sure sign that a business is in trouble is a cash crisis. It may suddenly find itself having trouble paying its employees’ salaries and wages, or even fund the working capital of the company. Try to identify why you are experiencing this shortage, in order for you to evaluate whether the cause is something that you can have a solution for. Assess the viability of business in the futureYou have to ascertain whether the company is going to be worth saving. It doesn’t make a whole lot of business sense i f you proceed to raise capital in order to save a business that will not really be viable several short months into the future, does it?Identify other possible solutionsAt this point, the most important question you have to address is this: is raising capital the only way for your business to regain its footing and improve its performance? What if there are other methods that you can employ in order to address the problem, without resorting to raising additional capital? Are these methods within reach?Determine how much capital is neededNaturally, you should know how much capital you will need in order to turn things around for your underperforming business. You also have to take into account the cost of capital once a potential investor has been found.Identify the aspects of the business that may appeal to an external investorYou have to anticipate the possibility that you may fail to raise capital on your own, so you have to resort to external sources, which are commonly outside i nvestors. Considering the fact that your business is already underperforming, you have to expect to be asked to defend your position, or provide justifications on why investors should listen to you and give their money to use as capital.By identifying the commercial angles or benefits that you can use to attract the interest of an investor, you will be better prepared when you have to convince them to trust you with their money.HOW UNDERPERFORMERS CAN RAISE CAPITALIf you are determined to turn things around and you think that your underperforming business has a chance of becoming profitable and growing in the future, then you should next look into ways on how you can raise capital.Be capital-ready“Capital-ready” means the state where a business is adequately prepared to raise capital. Preparedness is a good sign that you are ready to take the challenge of improving the performance of the business, if only you will have additional capital to work with.The Business Strategy Blog s uggests the following documentation to be prepared in order to show how capital-ready you are.A business plan for the next one to three years, listing down clear strategies that you will undertake to achieve business goals.A financial model for the period covered in the business plan. This will show whether the business is viable, or whether it will turn in profits in its future operations. It is also in this model that you will indicate the amount of capital required.Updated due diligence business records that will lend your business and your plan credibility in the eyes of potential investors.An exit plan for your business, with emphasis on plans on repayment of outside capital sources. Naturally, potential investors and lenders want to cover all their bases, so if you can give them some assurance that they won’t be left high and dry when the business wraps up its operations, then you are increasing your chances of convincing them to trust you.Look internallyIt may be possible f or you to “raise” cash internally. Here, you have to seek self-help opportunities to improve cash position. They may undertake any of the following:Aggressive management of working capital. “Working capital” refers to the capital that the business utilizes in its day-to-day operations, and is indicative of the company’s efficiency. It is also the figure that represents the short-term financial health (liquidity) of a company. If the business has a positive working capital, operations can be sustained so the extra capital needed is for growth.  In accounting records, working capital considers the current assets and current liabilities of the company, encompassing items such as cash, accounts receivables, inventory, accounts payable and current debts or obligations due.  Out of the several strategies of managing working capital, the best approach would be the aggressive one if you are looking to raise capital internally. Aggressive working capital management means that you w ill focus on profitability. Therefore, you will depend greatly on trade credit and short-term finances, keeping your current assets (cash, accounts receivables and inventory) low, or at just-enough levels.  Needless to say, this is a very high-risk strategy. However, as long as you ensure the smoothness of the operating cycle, then it can help you raise the capital that you need for your underperforming business.Reduction of operating costs. Look at your current operations. Are there areas where you can employ cost-cutting measures, so you can use the savings for other purposes instead? This calls for a study of your business processes and the costs incurred at every turn. Evaluate whether you are spending too much on a process, and identify the areas that you can stop or downgrade. An organizational audit may reveal that some employees on your payroll have redundant job descriptions. You may consider reassigning tasks to employees or dropping some items from the payroll. If your as sessment reveals that you can save money by shortening your production process without compromising quality of your final products, you may decide to do so after realizing how much savings you can get out of it.Sell or divest idle assets. Take a look at your current inventory of fixed assets. There may be some assets that are underutilized or completely idle, and you may even be incurring maintenance costs on them. In short, you are spending money on them, but you’re not gaining any benefit from them. Consider selling these assets and add the proceeds to your capital.Sell or divest underperforming business segments or divisions. If your business is comprised of several business segments, identify those that are not performing well, or even incurring losses for your business. Conducting further study is advised, so you can decide on whether to close some segments or not.Debt restructuring. This is a popular solution for companies that are facing cash flow problems. It involves rene gotiating the terms of existing debts that are already considered to be delinquent. There are several reasons for debt restructuring, and one of them is to raise capital.Through debt restructuring, an underperforming business can avoid defaulting on an existing debt or obligation. They may also negotiate for lower interest rates, which translates to savings and a way to manage working capital more aggressively. You may also negotiate that your existing creditors or lenders will not have a share in your profits, as long as you meet your loan payments as they fall due.Look to external sources of capitalIf after looking in your own company for ways to raise capital and you still don’t have the amount that you seek, it is time to look outside of the company.Good news: there are actually people who make a living from investing in underperforming business. Your job is to find them and convince them to invest in your business.These types of investors are actively looking for underperform ers, or businesses that incur more losses than gains, and evaluate their potential for a turnaround. Usually, they will buy out the founder or owner of the business, and send in their own people. Or they could hire a turnaround professional. In some cases, the investor will not send his own people, but choose to back the current management team of the company instead. What do you do when you find these potential sources of capital? Keep in mind that the hardest part is to convince them to back your idea of turning your business around. This will ensure that you still have control over your business. Here’s what to do with these external sources of capital.Know who your potential investors are. Carry out a small some research on their expectations from you and your business. This is especially if you do not have a prior business relationship with them. Knowing their expectations will enable you to prepare your proposal in such a way that will easily convince them to invest in your business.When you are seeking external sources of capital, you have to position your business for capital-raising. Make sure that you are ready to receive the capital and take your business back to where it belongs. Know exactly what you will do with the money once it hits your bank account.Highlight the benefits to your potential investors. What is in it for them if they invest in your business? What can they expect to get if they invest on your business, despite the fact that it is underperforming? Investors expect a return on their investment, so it would be a good idea to highlight that part for them.Let them know how their money will be used. The investors will obviously want to know where their money will go, because they, too, want to ascertain whether they are making a good investment or not. You’d want to be specific on the activities you will carry out, so give them details of your action plan, not just the general idea mapped out on your business plan.Be honest. Investo rs are shrewd. They can easily tell right away whether you are being up front with them. Avoid sugarcoating. Tell them exactly what you need the additional capital for, and provide concrete backup for your claims.Do not be greedy. Ask only what you need. You have a plan in mind, you need money for it. Therefore, you should stick to that plan, including the costs you expect to incur in its execution. Asking for more will only give your business a bad impression (as if the fact that it is already performing below par is not already basis for a bad impression in the eyes of potential investors) so do not aggravate it.Engage the help of an external advisor who is an expert in turnaround managementThis is actually a good idea, especially if you already have your hands full trying to contain the crisis within the business. At times, you have to admit that you need help, and a turnaround professional can give you helpful input on how you can raise capital.Underperforming businesses have a long and tough road ahead of them, and one of the biggest obstacles is raising capital. Expect to put a lot of work into raising capital, especially if you intend to obtain them from external sources. Do not expect to have an easy time of it, but do not lose heart, because it can still be done.

Integrative And Analytical Tools For The Business

Integrative and Analytical Tools To be successful in any modern business there are a few things that must take place. The company has to get oriented; it needs to identify the primary objectives of the business, as well as define the scope, and finally perform both internal and external analysis of the operations. Each of these things has their place and since our company is one of the best out there, the first three have already been established. What we are here today to do is to perform the analysis portion. There are many different forms of analysis tools for the company to choose from. Some of the heavy hitters are the SWOT or strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat tool. The MOST analysis tool focuses on the mission, the objectives, the strategies and the tactics in order for the company to meet its needs. The last tool that will be discussed here is the PEST analytical tool. PEST stands for political, economic, sociological, and technological. Breaking each o ne of these into more details can show the level of value each one has in the analytical world. The SWOT analysis is most often used in the beginning stages of a company. The main area of focus is the external and internal factors to identify where the best opportunities for improvement are. The SWOT tool also helps point out danger areas and where improvements can be made. The first area the tool analyze are the company s strength. This is where your company has an advantage over theShow MoreRelatedDescription of Conjoint Analysis1257 Words   |  5 Pagespopularity is conjoint analysis, a quantitative methodology that is discussed further below, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion. Review and Discussion Description of Conjoint Analysis and Examples of Business Applications Conjoint analysis is a quantitative methodology that measures the perceived values of various possible product designs (Calantone Di Benedetto, 1990). Respondents participating in conjoint analyses view several variations in productRead MoreDavid Osborn s Applied Imagination By Alex Osborn1025 Words   |  5 PagesIn the chapter XIX of his book, â€Å"Detailed procedures of Brainstorming,† he demonstrates brainstorming as a tool for the creative collaboration of groups. Brainstorming has been used as one of the most well known and useful tool of creative problem solving. Its fame stemmed from the persistent and solid need to develop and improve productivity of groups. Osborn, too, has drawn a number of tools and methodologies to creative problem solving. His claims regarding brainstorming and creative problem solvingRead MoreDetailed Procedures Of Brainstorming By Alex Osborn1057 Words   |  5 Pages In chapter XIX of his book, â€Å"Detailed procedures of Brainstorming,† he demonstrates brainstorming as a tool for the creative collaboration of groups. Brainstorming has been used as one of the most well-known and useful tools of creative problem solving. Its fame stemmed from the persistent and solid need to develop and improve productivity of groups. Osborn, too, has drawn a number of tools and methodologies to creative problem solving. His claims regarding brainstorming and creative problem solvingRead MoreThe University Of A Private Higher Learning Institution Located At St. Louis County, Missouri Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walker College of Health provides online and on-campus degree programs in nursing, music therapy, rehabilitation counseling, occupational therapy and health care management. The School of Business offers online and on-campus programs in accounting, marketing, cyber security, information systems and business administration. The university operates educational centers in Lake Saint Louis and Sunset Hills in Missouri as well as the Scott Air Force Base in Illinois. 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Interdisciplinary studies allows me to analyze, educate, and integrate cultural in a diverse communities. This semester I am taking an introduction to interdisciplinary studies, an interpersonal skills in leadership, analytical and information literacy, interdisciplinary critical thinking, and a capstone internship partnership courses, which helps me professionally. My capstone internship is, in counseling, at an elementary school. I like volunteering and working withRead MoreDesign Thinking and How It Will Change Management Educati on: An Interview and Discussion8683 Words   |  35 Pagesand services is a critical component of business competitiveness, to the extent that major companies such as Procter and Gamble have committed themselves to becoming design leaders. Beyond product and service design, however, design thinking—approaching management problems as designers approach design problems—may have important implications for management, an emerging prospect that has begun to gain recognition in both academic literature and the business press. In The Sciences of the ArtificialRead MoreBalanced Scorecard at Futura Industries1256 Words   |  5 Pagesareas has proven to be the most effective in keeping Futura focused on delivering excellent customer experiences that continue to drive customer loyalty and repeat sales (Gumbus, Susan, 2003). Futura management has also created an analytical framework called the Cool Tool that shows the companys financial performance on a monthly basis and also a llows for comparison of customers based on profitability contributions (Gumbus, Susan, 2003). These analytics and metrics of performance also serve to further

The Stress of Attending College - 1326 Words

Deciding to go to college is the hardest decision a student can make and the most stressful. Caused by many reasons, the stress is present whether one is in their first year of college or their last. Deciding to attend college is frightening for students; this is because it means going into the world and growing up. Along with the decision come a number of stressful responsibilities and changes that a student has to put up with. The reasons for so much stress fall into one of three categories: academic stress, which has anything to do with studying for classes, financial stress, which has to do with paying for school, and personal stress. Many students experience stress, and they have to combine their busy lives and the demands of college and still make time for themselves. We all experience stress in college getting ready for exams, completing papers, or adjusting to college life. We all know that being stressed for a long time may cause health issues. Although stress can be harmful at times, it can also be good and stimulating. Stress can also be good, because of facing new challenges helps students grow up and learn new things. Dealing with academic and personal stressors is the hardest part about college, and it will interfere with personal life and help experiment life’s options. A major academic stressor that college student have are grades. In college, in order to get into a certain program for the career students are competing with each other due to grades.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Responsibility and College Success1282 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Responsibility and College Success Cody Murphy GEN/200 October 16, 2012 Alyse Stone Personal Responsibility and College Success Thesis Statement Some people believe that they can keep their same routines and successfully complete a college degree. Students must analyze and adjust their personal responsibilities to be successful while attending college. 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At the very last minute his roommate awakens him. It’s only another anxiety dream. The very fact that dreams like Jack’s are common suggests that college is a stressful situation for young people. The cause of this stress can be academic, financial, and personalRead MoreCollege Education Should Be Free933 Words   |  4 Pagesdegree. These institutes are community college and technology centers. These institutes offer degrees for less money, which makes it affordable for anybody to attend who wants to. Recently, Obama stated that he is trying to make community college free for a student s to have the option to get a college education (Paquette). College education should be free for anybody who wants to take the time to learn n ew things like public high school. Community colleges offer associates and bachelor’s degree

Lot of problems Free Essays

People of Choral are facing lot of problems due to lack of bridge. Ferry service Is available till 2. 00 am and if there is any medical emergency, people have to face lot of problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Lot of problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is noticed that many women’s at the time of their pregnancy had stayed outside Choral with fear. A long queue Is found waiting for ferry. There are lots of fights amongst the people. Many people from Blowhole, Mayhem sides use this ferry for coming to Pianism. One can see fights between villagers from Choral and the outsiders. The persons who are most affected are the students. Students have to Walt or many hours at ferry stop because of which they reach late. BENEFITS Benefits which Islanders will get from the construction of bridge are:- Choral Island will be developed. Transport problem will be automatically solved. The pressure that Choral ferry has to bear will be reduced. Etc If this ferry is used for tourists who come to enjoy scenic beauty of Choral Island, huge revenue can be earned by the government. After completion of this bridge the distance from Pianism to Bucolic will be reduced by around km and hence pressure on Mona Bridge will be reduced. All these benefits will depend on, from which way the bridge will be instructed. Government has proposed construction of bridge from different sides. Government has presently planned to construct bridge Joining Choral to Sally village, which has been agreed by all villagers. But the villagers from Sally are opposing this bridge. According to them Khan land will be reduced. Traffic problem will be caused leading to k-joss in their own village. Some people of Choral are also of the opinion that, after construction of the bridge, Choral village will lose its identity. According to some environmentalist Choral bird century will be affected. One person from the village said that, he is so much fed up of this issue that, he does not want construction of bridge. As according to him, it will only remain as a dream. Shawls Scotchman : Salvo Scotchman: Conclusion : Dallas Earmarked According to me, Choral Bridge Is Just a vote bank Issue used by our politicians. They do not view It as a development activity rather Is a Just dream of Islanders. CHORAL BRIDGE By Skirts-Scotchman People of Choral are facing lot of problems due to lack of bridge. Ferry service is outside Choral with fear. A long queue is found waiting for ferry. There are lots of sights amongst the people. Many people from Bucolic, Mayhem sides use this ferry for coming to Pianism. One can see fights between villagers from Choral and the outsiders. The persons who are most affected are the students. Students have to wait Benefits which islanders will get from the construction of bridge are:- earned by the government. After completion of this bridge the distance from Pianism Cashing Scotchman : Disk’s Earmarked According to me, Choral Bridge is Just a vote bank issue used by our politicians. They do not view it as a development activity rather is a Just dream of islanders. How to cite Lot of problems, Papers

Acid Rain (573 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (573 words) Essay Acid RainAcid rain refers to all types of precipitationrain, snow, sleet, hail, fogthat is acidic in nature. Acidic means that these forms of water have a pH lower than the 5.6 average of rainwater. Acid rain kills aquatic life, trees, crops and other vegetation, damages buildings and monuments, corrodes copper and lead piping, damages such man-made things as automobiles, reduces soil fertility and can cause toxic metals to leach into underground drinking water sources. Rain is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide, found normally in the earths atmosphere, reacts with water to form carbonic acid. While pure rains acidity is pH 5.6-5.7, actual pH readings vary from place to place depending upon the type and amount of other gases present in the air, such as sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxides. The term pH refers to the free hydrogen ions (electrically charged atoms) in water and is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. Seven is considered neutral and measurements below seven are acidic while those above it are basic or alkaline. Every point on the pH scale represents a tenfold increase over the previous number. Thus, pH 4 is 10 times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times more so than pH 6. Similarly, pH 9 is 1O times more basic than pH 8 and 100 times more basic than pH 7. The acid in acid rain comes from two kinds of air pollutants sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These are emitted primarily from utility and smelter smokestacks and automobile, truck and bus exhausts, but they also come from burning wood. When these pollutants reach the atmosphere they combine with gaseous water in clouds and change to acidssulphuric acid and nitric acid. Then, rain and snow wash these acids from the air. Acid rain affects lakes, streams, rivers, bays, ponds and other bodies of water by increasing their acidity until fish and other aquatic creatures can no longer live. Aquatic plants grow best between pH 7.0 and 9.2 (Bourodemos). As acidity increases (pH numbers become lower), submerged aquatic plants decrease and deprive waterfowl of their basic food source. At pH 6, freshwater shrimp cannot survive. At pH 5.5, bottom-dwelling bacterial decomposers begin to die and leave undecomposed leaf litter and other organic debris to collect on the bottom. This deprives planktontiny creatures that form the base of the aquatic food chainof food, so that they too disappear. Below a pH of about 4.5, all fish die.Acid rain harms more than aquatic life. It also harms vegetation. The forests of the Federal Republic of Germany and elsewhere in Western Europe, for example, are believed to be dying because of acid rain. Scientists believe that acid rain damages the protective waxy coating of leaves and allows acids to diffuse into them, which interrupts the evaporation of water and gas exchange so that the plant no longer can breathe. This stops the plants conversion of nutrients and water into a form useful for plant growth and affects crop yields. Perhaps the most important effects of acid rain on forests result from nutrient leaching, accumulation of toxic metals and the release of toxic aluminum. Nutrient leaching occurs when acid rain adds hydrogen ions to the soil which interact chemically with existing minerals. This displaces calcium, magnesium and potassium from soil particles and deprives trees of nutrition. Science Essays